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Communism in Cuba began with the Cuban Revolution of 1959, which was led by Fidel Castro and his revolutionary forces. After overthrowing the dictator Fulgencio Batista, Castro established a socialist state with close ties to the Soviet Union. In 1961, Cuba formally declared itself a Marxist-Leninist state and began implementing communist policies, including the nationalization of industries and the collectivization of agriculture. Despite decades of economic embargo by the United States, Cuba remained a communist state until recent years, when it began to slowly shift towards a more market-oriented economy.

Communism in China began with the establishment of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1921, which was founded by Chinese intellectuals who had been inspired by Marxist theory. In 1949, after a long civil war, the CPC emerged victorious and established the People's Republic of China, with Mao Zedong as its leader. Mao's leadership was characterized by his belief in Marxist-Leninist ideology and his vision of a socialist society in China. He implemented a series of policies that aimed to transform China into a communist society, including the collectivization of agriculture and the nationalization of industry. Mao's policies were often controversial and led to widespread famine and social upheaval, particularly during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Despite these challenges, communism remained the dominant ideology in China until the 1980s, when the country began to shift towards a more market-oriented economy.

Nikita Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, succeeding Joseph Stalin after his death. During his tenure, Khrushchev implemented a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and improving the standard of living for its citizens.

One of Khrushchev's most notable achievements was his policy of de-Stalinization, which involved denouncing Stalin's cult of personality and the repressive policies of his regime. This led to a period of relative liberalization and openness in Soviet society, known as the "Thaw." Khrushchev also pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence with the West, which led to reduced tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Khrushchev's domestic policies were focused on increasing agricultural and industrial production, and he oversaw the launch of several ambitious projects, including the Virgin Lands Campaign and the construction of the Moscow Metro. However, his economic policies were not always successful, and the Soviet Union experienced a period of economic stagnation during his later years in power.

Leonid Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982, making him one of the longest-serving leaders of the Soviet Union. During his tenure, Brezhnev pursued a policy of détente with the United States and other Western powers, which led to a period of improved relations between the two superpowers. He also oversaw the expansion of the Soviet Union's military and its influence in various parts of the world, including Afghanistan, Angola, and Nicaragua.

Brezhnev's domestic policies were focused on maintaining the status quo and preserving the power of the Communist Party. He oversaw a period of economic growth and stability in the Soviet Union, but also presided over a period of stagnation and corruption that became known as the "Brezhnev Era." Despite these challenges, Brezhnev remained a popular figure in the Soviet Union until his death in 1982.