Shared note

Create a grid for recording all forces acting on an issue

Indicate the strength of each force that acts for or against a potential solution

Calculate the total negative and positive forces to decide how to proceed

1. What activities are involved in carrying out a force-field analysis? -Total the net positive and negative forces to see which side wins out -Draw lines that represent the degree of force each item brings to bear on an issue -Record all forces acting on an issue, both positive and negative

2. For what examples could a binomial distribution be used? -Determining the probability of getting a certain number of questions correct in an exam. -Estimating the number of people who respond to a survey. -Modeling the number of failures in a trial. -Finding the probability a prototype unit will meet specifications.

3. To improve processes, Six Sigma teams must determine the true root causes of problems. Which statement most accurately describes the general process for doing this? -List all possible causes of the problem, group those causes logically, and prioritize them to determine the vital few that require attention

4. You need to create a process map to analyze a process. What sources should you consult to get started?

• Top-down chart
• Work breakdown structure

1. A recent string of defects has been traced back to a poor batch of raw materials.

• Special cause variation

1. During the Analyze stage of a Six Sigma project, you may have to interpret distribution graph curve shapes. -Negatively skewed Most of the values lie to the left of the median and mode values -Positively skewed The mean value is found somewhere in the tail on the right -Bimodal There are two distinct distributions of data Two distinct values occur more frequently than any others

2. Label each type of variable as continuous or discrete. More than one type of variable will match to each category. -Continuous ( Cost , Length, Temperature) -Discrete ( Number of team members, Yes/No, Occupation)

3. What are some best practices when using 5 Whys analysis? -Isolate the most probable causes and drill down into why they are occurring. -Use a tool such as a Pareto chart to uncover possible causes for the issue you're facing.

4. Match the key process map symbols to what they're used to represent. -Half oval Delay -Diamond Decision -Circle Inspection -Parallelogram Input or output -Oval Start or stop -Rectangle Step

5. How are relational matrix charts used for root cause analysis?

• They reveal which inputs affect the outputs the most.

SIX SIGMA CONTROL TOOLS AND DOCUMENTATION

1. During the Control phase of a Six Sigma DMAIC project, it's important to make sure your improved processes remain in control. What are the characteristics of an in-control process? -The process's mean and standard deviation are consistent over time -You get a consistent output from the process.

2. What categories of information should be included in a control plan? Graphical elements Responsibilities Administrative information Lessons learned Control indicators Methods and procedures

3. Do you know which control chart to choose, given the type of data and size of your sample? Match types of control charts to their corresponding descriptions.

• C You have counted 85 defects and they are in equal-sized subgroups

NP You have classified defects into equal-sized subgroups

I-mR You have continuous data and just one subgroup

Xbar-R You have variables data and a sample size of six

• IMR: Used when the operator is pulling one sample of continuous data at a time
• U: Used when plotting the average number of defects per unit and sample size is not constant -Xbar-S: Used for variable data and a sample of ten or more measurements -P: Used to plot defective units when subgroups are not of equal size

1. What are the characteristics of a control plan? -A control plan is an accessible, single document summary -Checking, monitoring, and response activities are included in the control plan -A control plan may address a product or one or more related processes -A control plan includes information on frequency and method of measurement, as well as miscellaneous information, such as notes and meeting minutes

2. What are the characteristics of effective documentation? -Is accessible -Is simple, brief, and clear -Includes contingency instructions -Is current

3. How would the use of Xbar-R charts support process control efforts?

• They show you when a process has stopped performing within the specified range..

1. What actions are part of the process for transferring responsibility for the control plan from the Six Sigma team to the process owner? -Establishing clear documentation procedures for the control process -Securing understanding and commitment from those workers doing the monitoring -Updating all work instructions to ensure a consistent response if the process drifts out of control -Integrating the control plan with other processes it may affect.

-Securing buy-in and understanding from the operational employees involved in monitoring the process -Updating all work instructions to ensure consistent actions are taken in response to out-of-control variation -Ensuring that the control plan integrates well into operational activities -Setting up a clear and logical documentation process for control

1. Match each decision rule with the corresponding description of how its data pattern might appear on a control chart. -Process shift A run of 15 data points in a row appears below the center line -Systematic variation A run of 18 data points follows an alternating up-and-down pattern -Process drift A run of 10 data points in a row starts at the mean and advance toward the UCL -Freaks All data points are within the control limits except for 1 that dips below the LCL

2. Place the quality system documents in order according to the documentation hierarchy. -Document that describes the quality specifications for products -Document that explains who carries out tasks, when, and where -Detailed drawings of exactly how to carry out a task -Documentation that acts as proof that a process is being followed.

3. What factors can help you determine the correct type of control chart to use for a specific data set? -Size of subgroup -Type of distribution -The type of data

4. Match the key elements with descriptions of their roles in control charts. -Center line Represents the calculated average of all the samples plotted -Data point Represents a characteristic at a particular point in time -Axis Represents time and the variable of interest: -Control limit Indicates special cause variation if points fall outside this range

CLASSIFYING AND COLLECTING DATA

1. Match the types of data to the appropriate examples. Each type is used more than once. Qualitative The computer monitor has a white frame

The coffee is served in a ceramic mug

The dinner plate is rectangular

Quantitative The laptop weighs two pounds

The soup takes 45 minutes to prepare

1. Five terms are used to describe the quality of data. -Margin of error An estimate of your chances of being wrong about a population based on your sample data -Validity The accuracy of data -Ambiguity Can lead to poor instrument design -Reliability The consistency of data -Bias When data is influenced in some way

2. What are the different types of data measurement scales you can use? -Ordinal -Nominal -Interval -Ratio

4.Why is it important to correctly classify data for a Six Sigma project? -The class of data determines the measurement tools you use.

1. Match each data collection technique to its description. -Data mining Is used to discover trends in large data sets // Involves pattern discovery and deployment -OLAP Enables you to analyze multidimensional data // Includes applications for business process management -Data warehousing Involves collecting data from source systems // Involves pushing data out from departmental data repositories to end users

2. What are some principles of data sampling?

• A sample should be free from bias -Collect samples more often for a new or complex process -Samples should be as homogenous as possible -Primary sources of data are preferable to secondary sources

-Samples should represent the entire population -The subiects in a sample should be as different as possible -Samples should be free of bias

1. What are some characteristics of automated data collection? -May require expensive equipment -Free from human error -Provides obiective information -Accessible by multiple sources

2. Surveys are one method you can use to collect data. What are the benefits of surveys? The tool can be consistently applied to all subjects

You can quantify the results

You can choose the delivery option that best suits your needs

Results are quantifiable and can generate statistics

It can be used across multiple communication methods

1. You may choose to use interviews to collect data for your project. What are the benefits of interviews? -They allow you to develop rapport with the subjects -You can capture nonverbal cues

2. Match Discrete data -The number of customers who qualify for a discounted price -The small, medium, and large sizes available for a cardigan

Continuous data -The weight of each plate in a crockery set -The temperatures a dish can withstand in the oven -The monetary cost of recovering from bad publicity

1. What are some of the best practices you should follow for data collection? -Provide people with complete training on the process -Maintain accurate data collection tools -Use an appropriate error correction system for digitally stored data -Record the before and after values for variables that change over time -Record the order in which data is collected -Record classification identification information during data collection -Regularly screen the data for entry errors -Avoid disregarding outliers.

2. What are the main components of a data collection plan? -Data collection tools -Data collection methods -Data sources -Data formats -Schedule -Purpose and goals

3. You're using a checklist to collect data for your project. What should you do to ensure the checklist is effective? -Make sure the questions are clear and unambiguous -Get input from operators who do the process you're observing -Ensure it reflects all current procedures and requirements documents

Final Assessment:

1. Six Sigma is a business-driven, multi-dimensional structured approach to:

Reducing process variability'

Increasing customer satisfaction'

Lowering Defects'

All of the above' 2. Discrete data can be ___

Broken down further'

Converted to continuous data'

Measured on nominal or ordinal scales'

Measured on interval or ratio scales' 3. David is a green belt who is in charge of keeping a customer service complaints management process re-engineering project on track. What tool should he use?

DMAIC'

GANTT chart'

QFD chart'

FMEA' 4. In Six Sigma Input variable are represented by which letter

X'

Y'

Z'

A' 5. Stakeholders that could help define a project charter include:

Customers, suppliers, and management'

Work breakdown structure and planning'

Metrics and project plan elements'

Benchmark partners and risk takers' 6. True or false statement: Defective is a unit containing one or more defects? TRUE FALSE 7. Binomial data is discrete data. TRUE FALSE 8. Effective checklists should ___ ? Select all that apply.

Get inputs from operators'

Include all process steps'

First be tested on a pilot group'

Be updated regularly' 9. Which of the following data distribution Best represents normal distribution?

Single Peak (Unimodal)'

Two Peaks (Bimodal)'

Asymmetric Distribution'

Mixed Distribution' 10. Which of the below statements are not correct for the Control Plan

Critical customer requirements determine the specifications of the process'

Outcome indicators demonstrate the degree to which the process improvements will help to bring the change'

KPIV Inputs & KPOV Outputs, both are used simultaneously to indicate the process indicators'

Process specification is the information on the specification limits' 11. FMEA Stands for Failure modes and _______ Analysis

Efficiency'

Effects'

Enable'

Erase' 12. Which of the following is the key objective of a six sigma project?

Developing detailed control charts for critical processes'

Reducing variation in critical processes'

Reducing investment costs while improving output quality'

Improve Efficiency at minimal cost' 13. The range for the data set is 18, 19, 10, 11, 3, 1, 29, 33

11'

33'

32'

17' 14. Why do we do root cause analysis, please choose the best suited option

To find who to blame'

To discover causes of variation'

To know type of variation'

To measure performance' 15. Control charts help us to determine:

Determine if the process is running within a certain upper and lower control limit.'

Focus on outliers and take corrective actions'

Determine if the process is running within a certain upper and lower specification limit.'

Both A and B are correct' 16. Identify 's' that are part of 5s Lean Tool (Select All the Apply)

Sort'

Standardize'

Shift'

Shine'

Sustain' 17. Which control chart is prepared when the subgroup size is non-constant and we have the defective data?

P Chart'

U Chart'

NP Chart'

I-MR Chart' 18. The Tool used to show movement of the product.

Histogram'

Control chart'

Process Flow'

Scatter diagram' 19. Lean six sigma teams often use a SMART approach for establishing goals while forming a project charter. What does SMART stand for?

Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, timely'

Scoped, measurable, affable, repeatable, touchable'

Scale, modify, articulate, review, turn'

Scope, measure, attend, replicate, track' 20. Which of the following is an example of discrete data?

Cycle time to process a claim'

Amount collected by a debt recovery agency'

Elapsed time since start of a project'

Claims processed per hour' 21. The smoothing of the work load in all steps of a process is called:

Level loading'

Minimal cycle time'

Point of use processing'

Perfection' 22. If we know that there is a linear cause-and-effect relationship between x and y, what are we likely to see on a scatter diagram of x vs. y?

A curved line'

A straight line'

Points which show a pattern of linear relationship'

Predictors of other linear process variables (i.e., x2 , x3 , x4, . . .)' 23. Which one of the following is not a Definition of Metric?

Critical to Quality'

Customer Satisfaction'

Average Handle time'

None of the above' 24. The waste of _______ is where we use inappropriate techniques, oversize equipment, working to tolerances that are too tight, perform processes that are not required by the customer and so forth.

Overprocessing'

Overeating'

Overspending'

Overdoing' 25. Please confirm if this statement is correct : Higher the value of standard deviation, lesser is the amount of dispersion from the central tendency and narrower is the curve, True/ False TRUE FALSE 26. A Run chart is a useful tool to show -

Patterns and trends in a row of data points'

Behavior of the data points above the specifications'

Behavior of data points against control chart'

None of the above' 27. Which of the following represent type of variations in process?

Common Cause & Special Cause Variation'

Right Cause Variation'

Outlier Variation'

Maximum Variation' 28. Control phase includes transfer of __________ to process owners

Production checklist'

Auditing Procedure'

Improved Process'

None of the above' 29. Descriptive statistics uses tools like "Hypothesis Testing", True or False? TRUE FALSE 30. In a Business Process of Expense claim submission, corporate policy mandates submission of claim within 30 days. Given below are Audit results: Audit Results: 32, 22, 40, 30, 12, 22, 24, 20, 21, 20, 25, 28, 26, 68, 25, 55, 49, 97, 26, 54, 36, 65, 34, 9, 78, 36, 10, 70, 28, 46 Based on the above Calculate DPMO = __________

466666'

450000'

366666'

300000'

Final assessment questions with correct answers:

1. Six Sigma is a business-driven, multi-dimensional structured approach to:
2. David is a green belt who is in charge of keeping a customer service complaints management process re-engineering project on track. What tool should he use?
3. In Six Sigma Input variable are represented by which letter
4. Stakeholders that could help define a project charter include:
5. True or false statement: Defective is a unit containing one or more defects?
6. Binomial data is discrete data.
7. Which of the following data distribution Best represents normal distribution?
8. Which of the below statements are not correct for the Control Plan
9. FMEA Stands for Failure modes and _______ Analysis
10. Which of the following is the key objective of a six sigma project?
11. The range for the data set is 18, 19, 10, 11, 3, 1, 29, 33
12. Why do we do root cause analysis, please choose the best suited option
13. Control charts help us to determine:
14. Identify 's' that are part of 5s Lean Tool (Select All the Apply)
15. The Tool used to show movement of the product.
16. Lean six sigma teams often use a SMART approach for establishing goals while forming a project charter. What does SMART stand for?
17. Which of the following is an example of discrete data?
18. The smoothing of the work load in all steps of a process is called:
19. If we know that there is a linear cause-and-effect relationship between x and y, what are we likely to see on a scatter diagram of x vs. y?
20. The waste of _______ is where we use inappropriate techniques, oversize equipment, working to tolerances that are too tight, perform processes that are not required by the customer and so forth.
21. Please confirm if this statement is correct : Higher the value of standard deviation, lesser is the amount of dispersion from the central tendency and narrower is the curve, True/ False
22. A Run chart is a useful tool to show -
23. Which of the following represent type of variations in process?
24. In a Business Process of Expense claim submission, corporate policy mandates submission of claim within 30 days. Given below are Audit results: Audit Results: 32, 22, 40, 30, 12, 22, 24, 20, 21, 20, 25, 28, 26, 68, 25, 55, 49, 97, 26, 54, 36, 65, 34, 9, 78, 36, 10, 70, 28, 46 Based on the above Calculate DPMO = __________