-Cell Structure-

Cell Membrane

•Cytoplasm •DNA

Eukaryotic Cell-Found in Plants or Animals •Organelles •Nucleus

Prokaryotic Cell • Has genetic Material • One celled(Bacteria)

Organelles (Little Organ) -specialized part of the cell that have unique jobs to perform

Nucleus (Control center of the cell) -Contains DNA (Genetic Material) DNA-Dictates what the cell is going to do

Chromatin- Tangled, spread out form of DNA •Found inside the nuclear membrane

Chromosomes •When cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures

Nucleolus- Structure where ribosomes are made

• After ribosomes leave the nucleus they will have the important job of "SYNTHESIS", or making proteins

Cytoplasm- Jelly like Substance that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum- A membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials, such as: • Proteins (synthesized by ribosomes on the rough ER) • Vesicles – which carry newly made proteins and other materials to different parts of the cell

  Two types of endoplasmic reticulum 

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) -Has ribosomes attached to it -Proteins •Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) -Doesn't have ribosomes attached to it -Lipid and Detox

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body)- A structure found inside most eukaryotic cells (like animal and plant cells). Its main job is to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that the cell produces.

What it does: •Receives proteins and lipids from another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum •Modifies them (for example, adding sugar molecules) •Sorts and packages them into small sacs called vesicles •Sends them to their final destination (inside or outside the cell)

Vacuoles- A membrane-bound sac inside a cell that mainly acts as a storage and support compartment.

What vacuoles do: •Store water, nutrients, and wastes •Help keep the cell clean by holding unwanted materials •Maintain internal pressure in plant cells (this keeps plants firm and upright)

In plant vs animal cells: •Plant cells usually have one large central vacuole → It can take up most of the cell and helps the plant stay rigid •Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles or sometimes none

Animal Cell

Lysosome- Garbage collector that take in damaged or worn-out cell parts •Filled with enzymes that breakdown cellular debris

Mitochondrion- An organelle that is the powerhouse for both the animal and plant cell

Cellular Respiration- A process wherein the mitochondria make ATP Molecules that provide the energy for all the cells activities *Cells that need more have more mitochondria

Cytoskeleton- A network of tiny protein fibers inside a cell that acts like its internal framework or skeleton.

•Gives shape and support to the cell •Keeps organelles in place •Helps the cell move (in some cells) •Assists in transporting materials inside the cell

The cytoskeleton is made of different types of fibers:

•Microfilaments – thin strands that help with cell movement •Intermediate filaments – provide strength and stability •Microtubules – thicker tubes that act like tracks for moving materials

Some organisms such as plants that are Photoautothtrophic (capture sunlight for energy) have cells with an organelle called:

Chroloplast-Where photosynthesis happens *It's green because it has green pigment called CHLOROPHYLL

*Animal cells never have a cell wall

Other Unique Structures

In humans

• The respiratory tract is lined with cells that have "CILIA"

Cilia- A microscopic hair like projections that can move in waves •It helps trap inhaled particles in the air and expels then when you cough

Flagella- A cell structure that some bacteria has Flagellum- A little tail that can help a cell more or proper itself

Sperm Cells- The only human cell that has a flagellum