SAQs

SAQ’s Year-long Review:

Answer all parts of the question that follows. Identify ONE way in which the spread of Buddhism in the period before 1450 C.E. illustrates a continuity in patterns of cultural diffusion. One way the spread of Buddhism in the period before 1450 illustrates a continutiy is the spread of religion on merchant interactions in trade.

Explain ONE way in which the spread of Buddhism changed other Asian religious traditions in the period before 1450 C.E. One way Buddhism changed other Asian religious traditions was by incorporating parts of Buddhism with the receiving religion. Examples are China's neo-Confuciansm and Japan's Zen Buddhism. These states adopted aspects of Buddhism such as the spiritality and peace of the religion and incorporated to the Confucious filial piety and reverance for authority of Shintoism.

Explain ONE way in which Buddhism changed as it spread across Asia.

One way Buddhism changed as it spread across Asia was by merging and changing with receiving societies to their morals and values. Examples are the spiritual aspect of Buddhism kept in China, however adopting Chinese values of filial piety in neo-Confuciansm. This shows how Buddhism changed as it adopted and lost different aspects of their original form.

1. Answer all parts of the question that follows. In your response, be sure to address all parts of the question. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. a) Identify ONE new state that emerged in Europe in the period before 1939. One new state that emerged in Europe was Germany as it united the various factions in the German region.

b) Explain ONE development in Europe that led to the creation of new states in the period 1914–1939. One development in Europe was the forced signing of the Treaty of Versailles upon Germany. The Treaty of Versailles had humilating terms including accepting guilt for WWI and the payment of reprations. This led to the state of Nazi Germany, which took power from the Weimar Republic that ruled as Nazis rallied intense nationalism that involved German expansion.

c) Explain ONE way in which the circumstances that led to the creation of new states in Europe in the period 1914–1939 contributed to conflict in Europe in the period 1939–1945. One way in which the rise of new ideologies like Nazism (fascism) led to conflict in Europe was the nationalist fervor in those states and ideologies that demanded expansion upon other states. This can be illustrated by Nazi Germany's expansion onto Poland and Czechoslovakia. This led to conflict as alliances and pacts formed after WWI vowed to defend one country from another as well Britain and France not wanting to be annexed themselves- leading to war.

3)Use the following two images to answer all parts of the question that follows. NANDALAL BOSE, INDIAN ARTIST, BAPUJI [FATHER], LINOCUT PRINT, 1930

The print shows Mohandas Gandhi at the Dandi Salt March, one of the landmark events in Gandhi’s campaign of nonviolent resistance to British colonial rule in India.

Image 2

ALBERTO DIAZ GUTIERREZ KORDA, CUBAN PHOTOGRAPHER, GUERRILLERO HEROICO [THE HEROIC GUERRILLA FIGHTER], PHOTOGRAPH, 1960

The photograph shows Latin American Marxist revolutionary Ernesto [Che] Guevara. Identify ONE common historical process in the twentieth century that is reflected in both images. One common historical process that is reflected in both images is nationalism.

Explain ONE difference in the tactics individuals such as Gandhi and Che Guevara (or the groups they represent) adopted to achieve their political goals. One difference the groups the two indviduals represent used was nonviolent protest (Gandhi) compared to violent attacks against colonizers (Che Guevara). Gandhi boycotted and protested nonviolently against British authorities whereas Guevara's group used guerilla warfare (hit and run) strategies to attack and demoralize their political enemies. These tactics are fundamentally different because Gandhi sought to rally public pressure on the British, but the overwhelming colonizing of Guebara's state forced Guevara's group to attack the colnizers in violent resistance.

Explain ONE way in which images such as these can be seen as an example of the political uses of art in the twentieth century. One way is the use of propaganda to rally public support for the political cause. For Gandhi, the image shows stoicism and struggle and lets the people be symphathetic to his cause and the posture of Guevara shows his leadership. These political uses of art is used as media is more and more prevalant for the public with newspapers and magazines.

1. Answer all parts of the question that follows. a) Identify ONE continuity in the political system of China in the period 1200–1750. One continuity is the usage of an emperor and beuracrats to run China's government.

b) Identify ONE change in the political system of China in the period 1200–1750. One change in the political system of China is the running of government by non-Chinese in the Yuan Dynasty with Mongol and Manchurian peoples ruling the Chinese government, ruling with policies designated for "inferior" Chinese.

c) Explain ONE way in which political continuities in China influenced the development of the global economy in the period 1200–1750. One way political continuities of emperor and bureaucracy influenced development of the global economy was the high value of Chinese goods and therefore use of the Silk Road for economic transactions. The methods to make Chinese silks, porcelains were all well kept secret by the bureaucracy and thus, these exotic goods were heavily sought after and the Silk Road was protected as a sacred trade route.

1. In your responses, be sure to address all parts of the questions you answer. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. Identify ONE similarity between agricultural developments in the period circa 1450–1900 and the Green Revolution of the twentieth century. One similarity was the use of new agricultural technologies- heavy plow and fertilizer in 1450-1900, circular irrigating machines , GMOs, and nitrogen fertilizers in Gren Revolution.

Explain ONE difference between agricultural developments in the period circa 1450–1900 and the Green Revolution of the twentieth century. One difference was the use of automobile machines to farm making farming less labor intensive than ever. In the 1450-1900 time period, people worked on farms and pulled, harvested, and sowed crops manually but in the green revolution, farms could be operated by just one family as they utilized machines like tractor plows that sowed and harvested at the same time along with irrigation systems that click on by a click of a button.

Explain ONE political or social response to the Green Revolution in the twentieth century. One social response to the Green Revolution was the limitation of pro-natalist policies. Less people were needed to farm crops and the crops produced fed thousands more and if uncontrolled, could lead to a massive population boom. As more food was made and eaten by people, people had more children, therefore, controlling the birthrate was seen in China and India as a response to the Green Revolution.

1. Use the passage to answer all parts of the question that follows. “The modern nations came into being essentially by two roads. In one case, the state was, from the start of the process of national formation, already an established continuity, [most] often from the Middle Ages. These were states with their own ‘national elites’ and mature written cultural traditions. . . . For these states, the road to the modern nation was through an internal transformation . . . and the struggle to establish the modern nation was mainly a political struggle to define the nation as a community of equal citizens. . . . This first type of development toward the modern nation was absent in Central and Eastern Europe. There, a different pattern was typical, [namely] that of multi-ethnic empires inhabited by many non-ruling ethnic groups. . . . Lacking not only statehood, but also written traditions in their own national language, these non-ruling ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic empires were in the most complicated situation. Their national movements had to pursue not only cultural and social emancipation and equality, but also political emancipation.” Miroslav Hroch, Czech historian and political scientist, introduction to Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945), academic book published in 2007

In your response, be sure to address all parts of the question. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. a) Identify ONE claim that the author makes in the passage regarding the “two roads” toward modern nation building. One claim the author makes is for states with one ethnic group, their establishment of a modern nation is simply by nationalism.

b) Identify ONE specific example of a nineteenth- or twentieth-century nationalist movement that would fit the pattern described by the author in the second paragraph. Your answer may be from Europe or from another part of the world.

One example of a nationalist movement described in the second paragraph was Turkey, which although conisted of a Turkish population, contained several Baltic minorities and different cultures from the inclusive Ottoman Empire that preceded it.

c) Explain ONE limitation of the author’s argument as a source for understanding the different types of nationalism that developed around the world in the period since 1750. One limitation of the argument is Eastern European state Russia. The authors claim was that for multiethnic nations, they must find social and cultural equality, however, Russia simply embraced discriminatory policies against minorities like Lithuanians, Jews, and Estonians. This showed that they didn't conform to a modern state's description with political and cultural emancipation.

1. Use the graph to answer all parts of the question that follows.

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH COMPARED TO GDP* PER CAPITA, 2005

Source: Adapted from Tim Jackson, Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet (London: Earthscan, 2009), p. 56. NOTE: Each dot represents a country; selected countries are identified.

a) Identify ONE way that the data in the chart illustrate global economic differences between countries in the late twentieth century.

b) Identify ONE similarity (other than GDP per capita) that might account for the low life expectancies of some of the world’s countries, as displayed in the chart.

c) Explain ONE way in which longer life expectancies in some of the world’s countries, as displayed in the chart, have led to new political, economic, or social problems.

1. Use the passage to answer all parts of the question that follows. “The health consequences of air pollution in the twentieth century were gargantuan, although hard to measure precisely. By 1992, according to one World Bank estimate, air pollution in the world’s cities killed 300,000 to 700,000 people a year (car crashes killed about 880,000 a year). In 1996, the Harvard School of Public Health put the figure at 568,000 a year. In 1997, the World Health Organization estimated that all air pollution killed 400,000 people worldwide annually. Taking the lower figure, and assuming a) that at-risk urban populations quadrupled since 1950 and b) that the increasing lethality of air pollution in China, the Third World, and the Soviet bloc offset the air quality improvements in Japan, Western Europe, and the United States, I reckon that air pollution killed about 20 million to 30 million people from 1950 to 1997. For the twentieth century as a whole the figure would be only a bit larger because urban populations were smaller in the first half of the century, although in the Western world air pollution was worse. All told, a ‘guesstimate’ for air pollution’s twentieth-century toll would be 25 million to 40 million, roughly the same as the combined casualties of World Wars I and II, and similar to the global death toll from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, the twentieth century’s worst encounter with infectious disease.” John R. McNeill, historian, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World, 2000.

In your response, be sure to address all parts of the question. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. a) Identify ONE major claim that John McNeill advances in the passage regarding the historical significance of air pollution in the late twentieth century. One major claim MNeill advances is the importance of maintaining clean air and the serious consequences of air pollution- causing the combined number casulties of WWI & WWII in the twentieth century.

b) Explain ONE way in which economic developments in the late twentieth century led to the environmental effects outlined in the passage. One way in which economic developments led to the environmental effects was the demand of natural resources of industrialism. Industrialism led to the mass exploitation of forests which filter carbon and the air as well as the factories. These factories produce a large amount of carbon smoke and air pollution and thus causes these environmental effects.

c) Based on the passage, explain ONE significant limitation of John McNeill’s efforts to assess the overall toll of air pollution on human societies in the late twentieth century. One significant limitation of McNeil's efforts to access the toll of air pollution on human societies is that air pollution is almost never a direct result of death. All of McNeill's figures seem to be made up because air pollution is not listed as a cause of death in medical autopsies and lung damage can also be caused by smoking and other conditions- not directly air condition. Therefore, McNeil's assesment of the overall toll of air pollution is not accurate.

1. Use the passage to answer all parts of the question that follows. “When the [crisis] struck, nationalists were quick to identify the cause in [liberalism]. . . . As the crisis spread from country to country, global commerce and the gold standard increasingly came under attack. Once praised as the engine of economic progress and prosperity, international trade was now viewed as a source of foreign contagion. More than ever before, the nation’s economy had to be protected from cheap goods from abroad, and saved from reliance on foreign materials. [Governments raised tariffs] and each time a government [did so], it increased the pressure on others to do likewise. This generated considerable hostility. . . . The failure to cooperate in the face of the economic threat of the early 1930s was a harbinger of the inability of the powers to work together to deal with the threat of aggressive nationalism in the latter part of the decade.” John E. Moser, United States historian, book published in 2015

In your response, be sure to address all parts of the question. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. a) Identify ONE piece of evidence that Moser uses in the passage to support his claim regarding nationalist perceptions of liberal economic policies.

b) Explain ONE development in the late 1930s and early 1940s that could be used to support Moser’s argument in the last sentence of the passage.

c) Explain ONE economic policy, other than those mentioned in the passage, that governments in Western Europe and North America adopted in the 1930s to address the economic crisis referred to in the passage.

1. Use the passage to answer all parts of the question that follows. “Nomads, the historical record shows, can evade, resist, stop, sustain, exploit, destabilize, and destroy empires. They can also build enduring empires of their own, but only if they modify the essence of their being and become less nomadic. Their institutions, like their very way of life, tend to be fluid and short-lived, and they lack such classic elements of empires as state structure and surplus-generating agriculture. Indeed, to preserve their might, nearly all nomadic empires developed over time more fixed institutions of governance and production that required at least seasonal sedentarism. So too did the Comanches, although this may seem implausible at first sight....

At the dawn of the eighteenth century, the Comanche were a small tribe of hunter-gatherers living in the rugged canyonlands on the far northern frontier of the Spanish kingdom of New Mexico.... It was here, at the advancing edge of the world’s largest empire, that the Comanches launched an explosive expansion. They purchased and plundered horses from New Mexico, reinvented themselves as mounted fighters, and reenvisioned their place in the world.... asa hegemonic people who grew increasingly powerful and prosperous at the expense of the surrounding societies, Indian and Euro-American alike. Gradually, a momentous shift took shape. In the Southwest, European imperialism not only stalled in the face of indigenous resistance; it was eclipsed by indigenous imperialism.”

Pekka Hämäläinen, historian, The Comanche Empire, 2008

In your responses, be sure to address all parts of the questions you answer. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. You may plan your answers in this exam booklet, but no credit will be given for notes written in this booklet Identify ONE way in which the author challenges commonly held assumptions about the Americas in the age of European colonialism.

Explain ONE example of a society other than the Comanche that made the type of transition described by the author in the first paragraph.

Explain ONE example of a nomadic empire other than the Comanche that successfully confronted an established state or states in world history.