2.2 Mining towns - mining fostered western expansion - gold discoveries brought thousands of fortune seekers - Most fortunes went to corporations that brought out smaller claims - Although some mine communities.... - 1848--- sutter's mill Ca first gold sighting 1859-Nevada's comstock lode - silver ore in the sierra nevada mountains range - brought settlers in from california and the east - boomtowns like virginia city and gold hill - resulted in economic growth in nevada and san francisco - reno NV Pike's peak gold rush - 1859-1861 - north of pike's peak - over 100,000 people flocked to CO - slogan pike's peak or bust - brought first american settlers to CO - mining camps like denver city and boulder city later became major Co cities. Leadville Co - 1876-1893 - brought wealth and increased pop to Co - government purchase of silver increased demand, which increased prices - high silver prices attract more to the mines - ended in 1893 when gov stopped buying silver. Black hills SD gold rush - 1874-1877 - deadwood SD - sioux indian lands - many settlers flocked to the deadwood despite it was on indian lands - led to conflicts with natives in SD Hydraulic mining - used to rapidly displace soil and rock to sluice for gold. - resulted in increased production of gold - negative sediments blocked waterways, raised riverbeds, and caused flooding in towns below. race relations in california - 1868 burlingame treaty gave chinese the right to immigrate - came for mine stayed for railroad - few african americans were in Ca racism directed toward chinese Chinese in Ca cont - Dennis Kearney formed the labor party - slogan "the chinese must go!" - influenced democrats and republicans - 1879 new Ca state constitution contained anti-chinese provisions - 1882 chinese exclusion act passed congress(10 year ban) Mexican borderland communities - Southwest saw clashes between anglos and mexicans over land - Some mexican elites continued to maintain wealth and power. Californios-spanish speaking residents of ca Barrios concentrated neighborhoods of spanish californios Western Labor - The western labor movement emerged in this rough and often violent climate. - Union refused membership to chinese, mexican, and indian workers. - Unions were unable stop workers from closing down mines when ore ran out. 3.1 Pre industrialization - agrarian society-any society whose economy is based on maintaining crops and farmland - markets had to be near water. - transportation was slow - 1st industrial revolution started simple factories - steam engines on boats made up-river travel possible. Industrialization - the rise of big business, and use of factories to mass produce goods for consumption. 6 factors facilitated industrialization 1. natural resources 2. inventions 3. labor supply 4. surplus capital 5. urbanization 6. transportation revolution. Natural resources - Timber wisconsin, minnesota - MS, Al, Ga, Sc , Fl, Nc, Va, Md, De, NJ - Petroleum - Pa - Coal - Il, Pa, Wv, Ky - Copper - Az, Nm - Iron - MN, Wi(mesabi range) - used for steel - Land westward expansion Inventions - Alexander graham bell-1876-Invented the telephone which drastically transformed communication. - Thomas Alva Edison-1879-invented the light bulb which made the possibility of a longer work day possible. - transatlantic telegraph cable-Cyrus Field came up with a way to communicate with Europe from the US other than a mail ship. - Refrigeration-allowed for longer life of food products - Refrigerated rail cars-allowed for the transport of fresh food products over longer distances(increased markets) - Skyscrapers(Louis Sullivan), elevator, trolley car,made urbanization possible - Bessemer process-made steel production cheaper and more efficient - typewriter, cash register, electric trolley cars. Labor supply - labor=workers - Immigration(push/pull factors) many Europeans came to America because there was no room in Europe, nor was there much employment. Anti-Immigrant sentiments - nativism-anti-immigration movement that favored those who descended from immigrants Blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government - Trade unionist hated them for their willingness to work for super low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism Surplus Capital - Capital=money available for spending - discovery of precious metals gold and silver - availability of capital increased investment. Urbanization - process of people moving to largely populated cities. 1820 approz. 5% of the Us population lived in towns or cities. 1900 approx. 20%(1/5 ) of the Us lived in cities with a population of 100,000 or greater. - concentrated labor - ethnic distribution - cities naturally segregated by class and ethnicity.