Notes

UNIT 2.0

Disenfranchisement Cont.

• Force acts: Designed to end Klan activites in the South, they allowed federal prosecution for any intrference with the rights granted by the 14th and 15th amendments. IT effectivly ended Klan activities

• Paramilitary Groups: Citizen controlled organizations that used military tactics to intimidate and attack Rebulican voters in the late 1870s. Examples include the Red Shirts, and the White League

• Colfax Massacre: Attack and killing of 150 republican freedman in Lousisiana by the White Leauge

Legal Challenges for the 14th and 15th

• U.S vs Cruickshank (1876): LA white supremacists accused of attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Force acts

• The Courtheld that the 14th amendment extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES

• Therefore, discrimination indiviuals or groups were NOT covered

Presidential Election (1868) Presidential election -Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour

Johnson's out altogether

• Very close election; would have lost without black votes
• Ulysess wins twice

Northern Economy

• Panic of 1873
• Overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads
• Debtors wanted more paper money issued that wasn't supported by gold
• In 1874, Grant sides with hard-money bankers

The End of Reconstuction

• During Grant's second term, Radical Republicanism declining

• Corruption, economic problems in the north, waning interest in idealistic policies

• Rise of the redeemers

• Term for the newly restored Democratic governments in the south in the late 1870s that Wanted

Election of 1876 Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes

• Governor of Ohio
• Not involved with corruption of Grant administration

Democrats nominate Samuel J. Tilden

• Governor of New York
• Fought corruption of the Tweed Ring

Votes constested in LA, FL, SC Tilden wins popular vote, needs only one electoral vote from one of the three states to win

Special electoral commision created to decide who gets disputed votes

• Commission: 8 Reublicans, 7 Democrats
• Votes 8-7 to give all electoral votes to Hayes
• Democrats threaten to filibuster the results, send election to the House

Comprimise of 1877

• Deal worked out between the parties

• Hayes becomes President on two conditions: (1) Federal support for Republicans in the south ended immediately (2) Support the building of a Southern transcontinental
• Hayes complies with conditions, agrees to only serve on term

Positives of Reconstruction

• Reunited the nation after the civil war
• Provided education for freedmen
• Provided aid for needy southerners
• Granted rights and sufferage to freedmen

Ohers

• Universal male sufferage
• Property rights for Women
• Debt relief
• Mondernized penal codes
• Builtroads, bridges, and railroads
• Hospitals, asylums all over the U.S

Negatives of Reconstruction

• Jim Crow laws removed many rights gained during reconstruction once federal troops left

• African Americans will need to struggle for 90 years to gain full guarantees of their rights <N/A> and 15th amendments

    UNIT 2.1 WESTWARD EXPANSION
  

"Manifest Destiny"

• Manifest Destiny -The belief in the 1840s and 1850s that the U.S should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific
• Mexican war (1846-1848)-War between US and Mexico over Texas
• US gained more that 500,000 square miles of land from Mexico
• Gadsden Purchaes (1853)-US and Mexico agree that US will pay $10,000,000 for what later becamme Arizona and New Mexico

Migration

• Push Factor: Negative conditions that cause a person to want to leave their current enviroment

• Pull Factor: Positive conditions that cause people to want to move to a place

  Economics

• Supply and Demand: dictate a price in a market economy, As supply goes down and demand remains high, prices go higher. If demand is low and supply is high, then prices drop

• Scarcity: Rarity of a product; it generaly increases the value of something

• Natural Resources: Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water , and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

• Labor Supply: The number of workers willing and able to work in a given occupation <N/A>

  Near west Great Plains states: Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota

• Economy

• Farming

• Cattle

• Grazing

Homestead Act (1862)

• Providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continous residence before reciving ownershit of the land

• Title could also be acquired after only a 6-month residency and trivial improvements, provided the claimant paid the government $1.25 per acre

• After the Civil War, Union soldiers could deduct the time they had serverd from the residency

• Homesteaders: farmers who acquired land for farming purposes in the old west

• Homestead: Small family farom with basic buildings sufficien enough for survival

• Sodbusters: nickname for homesteaders in KS and NE who worked hard to break up the tough sod for planting and used sod for their homes

• Exodusters: African Americans who left the Jim Crow south to homestead in Kansas and later Oklahoma

  Life on the Homestead All members of the family chipped in with work -Men's work tended to be seasonal

• Women's activites were usually more routine.

• Children worked running errands and completing chores by about age nine Community was an important part of life.

• People depended on eachother

Exodusters -1879 about 6000 African Americans left the south for KS

(Missed Cattle Industry)

Long drive

• Cattle were rounded up in texas, driven to middle markets along the rail lines in Kansas
• Serveral trails were used
• The trails ran through mostly unoccupied lands through which anyone could travel fairly easily

Chisholm Trail

• The most widely used
• Through "unassigned lands" in Indian Territory

Cow towns

• The drive ended at towns along the rail line such as Dodge City, KS and Wichita KS that served as middles markets
• The main industry <N/A>

Open Range

• Grazing land ised by anyone regardless of ownership
• Vast unoccupied spaces allowed for more cattle to graze freely

Range Wars

• Rancher ised brands to mark their "property"
• They would ofter fight over rustled cattle or grazing land
• These disputes were called range wars even though they were not actually wars between countrys

Joseph Glidden Ruins Christmas

• Barbed wire: Invented by Joseph Glidden, barbed wire effectively ended the open range and the cattle drive industry

Closing of the frontier

• 1890 Census: declared hat there were no longer unsettled ares of the U.S, therefore there was no longer anymore "frontiers"
• Frederick Jackson Turner (Historian)

• Wrote 1893 Significance of the Frontier in American History

• Used the 1890 census data to declare the death of the "frontier"

• Tier shaped the American People

  UNIT 2.2 FAR WEST

Far West

• Rocky Mountains to the coast of: Colorado

Mining Towns

• Mining fostered western expansion
• Gold discoveries brought thousands of fortune seekers
• Most fortunes went to corporations that bought out the smaller claims
• Although some mine communites eventually became permanent settlements, most were short-lived settlements

1859-Nevada's Comstock Lode

• Silver Ore in the Sierra Nevada Mountains Range
• Brought settlers in from California and the East
• Boomtowns like Virginia City and Gold Hill
• Resulted in econmic growth in Nevada and San Francisco

Pike's Peak Gold Rush

• 1859 - 1861
• North of Pike's Peak
• Over 100,000 people flocked to CO
• Slogan "Pike's Peak or Bust"
• Brought first American settlers to Colorado
• Mining camps like Denver City and Boulder city later became major Colorado cites

Leadville, CO

• 1873 - 1893
• Brought Wealth and increased population to CO
• Government purchase of Silver increased demand, which raised prices
• High Silver prices attracted more to the mines
• Ended in 1893 when Goverment stopped buying silver

Black Hill, SD (Gold Rush)

• 1874 - 1877
• Deadwood, SD
• Sioux Indian Lands
• Many Settlers flocked to Deadwood despite that it was on Indian lands
• Led to conflicts with Natives in SDs

Boomtowns

• A community that experiences sudden and rapid population and economic growth
• Associated with gold or silver dicoveries
• Boomtowns are generally completely dependant on the resource that caused their growth
• If the resource disappears, then the towns generally "died out' and became "ghost towns"

Hydraulic Mining

• Used to rapidly displace soil and rock to sluice for gold
• Resulted in increased production of gold
• Negative environment effects: sediment blocked waterways, raised riverbeds, and caused flooding in some towns

Race relations in California

• Chinese

• 1868 Burlingame Treaty gave Chinese the right to immigrate

• Came for mines, stayed for railroads
• Few African Americans were in CA, racism directed toward Chinese
• Dennis Kearney (Irish Teamster) leader of anti-chinese sentiment in CA

Chinese in CA continued

• Kearney formed the labor party
• Slogan "the Chinese must go!"
• Influenced democrats and republicans
• 1879 new California State Constitution contained anti-chinese provisions
• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress (10y Ban)

Mexican Borderland Communites

• The Southwest saw a series of Clashes between Anglos and Mexicans over control of the land
• Some Mexicano Elites continued to maintain wealth and power
• The majority of Mexicans found themselves trapped in poverty and turned to migratory work or moved to urban areas for work wages

Hispanics in the Far West

• Californios - Spanish speaking residents of California from before U.S. purchase
• Barrios - concentrated neighborhoods of Spanish speaking Californians

Western Labor

• The western labor movement emerged in this rough and often violent climate

• Unions refused membership to Chinese, Mexicans, and Indian workers

• Unions were unable to stop owners from closing down mines when the ore ran out, leaving ghost towns and enviromental blight

  UNIT 2.3 Native Americans

Treaty Policy

• The U.S had historically treated tribes as independant nation
• The negotiated treaties tot arrange resettlement when Indian lands were desired by white settlers
• Congress was first involved with the Indian Removal Act in 1830 (Andrew Jackson)

Indian Appropriations Act (1871)

• Declared that treaties would no longer be used with native tribes
• Declared that Natives wee no longer independant nations

Indian Territory

• Present day Oklahoma
• Reservation land set aside for native tribes as part of the 1830 Indian Removal Act
• A small portion in the middle was known as the "unassigned lands" because no tribe was given that land
• Tribes had their own lands and their own boundaries

Oklahoma Land Rush

• Created by act of Congress in 1889
• Settlers already living illegally in the area had to leave to register. (Boomers)
• Extension of the Homestead Act
• Had to register for land, then the land was opened up at noon on April, 22 1889
• All registrants lined up along the northern boundary of he unassigned lands
• Cannon fire started the race for the lands
• Some settlers entered the territory before April, 22 (head start, Sooners)
• The Oklahoma land run was the begininning of White settlement in Olkahoma and ultimately resulted in the end of Indian Territory

[Tribes] Apache

• native to Arizona and New Mexico and violently resisted removal to reservations
• Geronimo - The leader of the Apache tribe who led resistance efforts

Sioux

• native to the Dakotas and violently resisted removal to reservation
• Sitting Bull - Chief of the Sioux tribe that led his tribes resistance efforts. He was killed by U.S. agents in an attempt to arrest him
• Wovoka - Native religious leader who founded the "ghost dance" movement that led to troubles with the sioux and the U.S. government in Pine Ridge, SD

Nez Perce

• native to Oregon and Idaho and peacefully resisted removal to reservations
• Chief Joseph - Chief of the Nez Perce who tried to peacefully lead his people to Canada but was forced back to their reservation. His quote "I will fight no more, forever" exemplified the feeling of hopelessness that Indian resistance efforts were realizing

Ponca

• native to Nebraska, but forcefully removed to Indian Territory
• Standing Bear - Chief of the Ponca tribe who sued the government in Standing Bear v. Crooks. He won the right to returned to Nebraska

[Indian Wars] George A. Custer

• Successful civil war general who went on to lead U.S. forces in Indian Wars. He and his troops were killedat the battle of Little Big Horn by Native Americans Colonel John Chivinton
• Leader of troops in Colorado Territory. Racist military leader who was especially cruel to Natives Buffalo Soldiers
• nickname given to the African-American Calvery men who patrolled the near west and fought in the Indian Wars

[Massacres] Sand Creek Massacre

• U.S. Military attack of a peaceful camp of Cheyenne tribesman in 1864
• led by Colonel John Chivington
• The attack incited retaliation by Natives on white settlers Wounded Knee
• Near Wounded Knee creek
• U.S. Military attack near the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota in 1890 during which at least 150 Native Americans were killed when they were being disarmed after peacefully fleeing their reservation

[Reformers] Helen Hunt Jackson

• Author A Century of Dishonor
• Sympathetic to Native Americans
• Exposed cruelties of the government and raised awareness of the treatment of natives
• Assimilation: changing one's behavior and cultural practices to fit in with a larger group

Dawes Act

• Passed by congress in 1887

• it was designed to divide Indian lands into individual plots and grant U.S citizenship to those who accepted ownership of land allotments.

• also opened up unused tribal lands for sale to european americans

  3.2 Rise of Big Business Economic Terms Captilism

• Economic system in which the means of production (how to make stuff) are privately owned Laissez-Faire

• "hands off" policy in which the government involvment is not involved in the economy at all

• Adam Smith Free Market Capitalism

• A form of capitalism in which there is no government involvment and price is dictated strictly through supply and demand

• Also known as a market economy Entreprenuer

• A business owner who takes on financial risk to start a company Mixed Market Capitalism

• A form of capitalism in which there is some government involvment and some market economy Tariff

• A tax imposed on imported goods and services.

• Tarrifs are used to protect domestic producers, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers. Morrill Tarrif

• adopted on March 2, 1861

• raised rates to protect and encourage industry and the high values

  Types of Business Sole Proprietorship

• One person owns and usually manages the business Partnership

• Two or more people own and manage the business Corporation

• Ownership is shared by stockholders

• Stock - Shares of ownership in a corporation

• Managers of the corporation are hired

  Consolidation Wealth

• During industrialization, a few people rose to control most of the nation's wealth

• By 1909:

1% of companies controlled 44% of all of the Nation's wealth

Vertical Integration

• Controlling all aspects of a product from raw material to consumer

• Reduces cost by eliminating middlemen

• Increases profit by reducing cost

  Rise of Billionaires Andrew Carngie (V.I.)

• Started off poor, worked hard, assumed responsibillity, he worked his way up to wealth.

• He started in the Pittsburgh area, but he was not a man who liked trusts; still, by 1900, he was producing 1/4 of the nation's Bessemer steel, and getting $25 Million a year.

John D. Rockefeller (H.I.)

• ruthless and merciless, organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1882 (five years earlier, he had already controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the company)
• Rockerfeller crushed weaker competititors--part of the natural process according to him--but his company did produce superior oil at a cheaper price.

He used this method to form Standard Oil and control the oil industry by forcing weaker competitors to go bankrupt

J.P. Morgan (Trusts)

• J.Pierpont Morgan, having already made a fortune in the banking industry and in Wall Street, was ready to step into the steel tubing industry, but Carngie threatened to ruin him, so after some tense negotionation, Morgan bought Carnegie's entire business at 400$ Million (this was before income tax)

Robber Barons/Captians of Industry

• Robber Barons - the nickname for greedy industry giants who used any means necessary to gain wealth, even at the expense of others

• Jay Gould made millions embezzling stockes from the Erie, Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific Railroad companies.

• One method of cheap money making was called "stock watering in which railroad companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits.

  Robbers Barons Cont. Credit Mobilier Scandal

• 1872-1873

• Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company, the Credit Mobilier of America

• gave it contracts to build the railroad.

• They sold or gave share in this construction to influential congressmen

• congressmen helped them selves by approving faderal subsidies for the cost of railroad construction without paying much attention to expenses, enabling railroad builders to make huge profits

• The scandal also showed how corruption tainted Gilded Age politics, and the lengths railroads and other economic interests would go to assure and increase profits.

  Selling Products

• Consumer - a person who buys goods and services for personal use

• Advertising Industry - national branding of goods and the development of advertising agencies began in the 1880's

• Department Store

• stores like Macy's (in New York) and Marshall Field's (in Chicago) provided urban working-class jobs and also attracted urban middle-class shoppers

• Mail Order Catalogs

• stores like Sears and Montgomery Ward, which made things cheaps and easy to buy, expanded the market to rural customers